Symptoms

• pain when urination
• frequent urination
• feeling the need to urinate despite having an empty bladder
• haematuria

Causes

• hold the bladder for too long
• Do not drink enough water
• Women who have frequent sexual activity. As female urethra is short and close to vagina and anus, bacteria can be easily goes into urethra during sex
• Women who have diabetes mellitus
• Women who have congenital abnormality of the urinary system. These are uncommon

Investigation

• Mid-stream urine for culture
• cystoscopy to rule out pathology

Management

• For full course antibiotic therapy, antibiotics should be provided by family doctor
• if no fluid restriction, should have 1.5-2L/ fluid intake per day
• Wipe perineum from front to back
• Can take cranberry juice or food which is rich in vitamin C